69 : The Global eBook Market: Current Conditions & Future Projections from accessing the Internet for a certain period of time after being found guilty three times. In January 2012, Hadopi released a study arguing that the percentage of French consumers who admit to having downloaded digital content illegally had dropped from over 49 percent to just 29 percent for the 6 months prior to their survey, data that illustrate the impact of the authority’s actions (eBouqin, January 24, 2012). Music (at 57 percent) and videos (at 48 percent) were most popular books interested only 29 percent of the infringing audience, a scale that might also hint at the limited interest that ebooks have among the general French audience. Overall, Hadopi is not speci cally strongly supported by the book publishing community. Fifty-six of the infringements investigated under Hadopi were by men, and 42 by women, with those aged 15 to 24 by far the most active (with 70 percent admit- ting illegal downloads). Research on ebook piracy in France is carried out with yearly reports by Le Motif, an organization spon- sored by the Ile-de-France region. Its ambition is to have an “observatory” for the “book in the region,” which includes an annual survey on ebooks, both legal and illegal. In its last update, published in March 2012 and including mostly 2011 data, Le Motif documents a con- tinuous rise in available illegal ebook titles—from 4,000 to 6,000 in 2009 to between 11,000 and 14,000 at the time of the study. A detail from France is the remarkable share of ebooks from BD (bande desinnée, or comics, graphic novels, and manga), which currently accounts for 8,000 to 10,000 of the illegally available works (Ebookz 3, Etude sur l’o re numérique illegal des livres français sur Internet en 2011, 3e année, http://bit.ly/ QIEE6t). The study argues that based on 3,000 to 4,000 “easily available trade titles” at illegal sites, just 1 percent of legal print o erings has been e ectively pirated, versus around 25 percent of the overall 35,000 to 40,000 avail- able BD titles. Remarkably, only 44 of the singled-out BD Education, Georg Thieme, HarperCollins, Hogrefe, Macmillan Publishers, Cengage Learning, John Wiley & Sons, the McGraw-Hill Companies, Oxford University Press, Springer, Taylor & Francis, C. H. Beck, and Walter De Gruyter (The Bookseller, February 2, 2012). The strategy of concerted action for tracking pirated works at illegal online libraries and engineering the shutdown of such sites was pioneered by the British Publishers Association (PA). Introducing the Copyright Infringement Portal (CIP), the PA launched a dedicated web service for its members that crawls the Web on a daily basis to track titles that have been listed by the service’s customers. Whenever a title is identi ed as being o ered for download without the authorization by the rights holder, a takedown notice is sent to the web- master of the concerned site. To both increase the impact of the service and promote its e ectiveness, the CIP displays on its home page detailed statistics about its crawling activities, the e ective number of titles that have been cleared successfully, and the illegal hosting sites with the best and the worst track records of compliance. In a brochure issued by the PA, takedown rates were documented by country, with compliance rates of over 90 percent for territories and countries such as Hong Kong, Gibraltar, or Cyprus and signi cant levels for coun- tries such as Russia (71.69 percent), China (65.75 per- cent), or the Ukraine (60.69 percent). France In France, the High Authority for the Di usion of Works and the Protection of Rights on the Internet (“Haute Autorité pour la di usion des oeuvres et la protection des droits sur internet,” or Hadopi) was formed by a law implemented in 2010. Its goal is to promote and encour- age legal o ers to ght infringements. One of the main actions of the authority is to send warnings to consum- ers who are infringing copyright law. In a controversial “three strikes” approach, a user can ultimately be banned