24 : The Global eBook Market: Current Conditions & Future Projections prises. However, when the economic crisis of 2008 hit Spain, exports witnessed a severe drop from €490 million in 2007 to 384 million in 2009. Although Spain has recently started to recover some of this lost terrain— exports were worth €430 million in 2011—both the overall market environment as well as protectionist politics in several Latin American countries point to a di cult terrain for the years ahead (according to the publishers’ association GFEE statistics). The Spanish domestic publishing sector, though populated by small- and medium-sized publishing houses, is increasingly de ned by three big groups: Planeta, Santillana, and Random House/Mondadori. Recent Developments by Mid-2012 In 2012, the Spanish book market was hit again by nan- cial crisis, resulting in a decline of the market predicted to be around 8 percent for the year, and it remains to be seen how repercussions from this decline will a ect sales channels as well as publishers of di erent scope and size. In this already challenging context, as a part of its broad austerity measures, the government canceled the privilege of a reduced VAT rate of 4 percent (versus the normal rate of 21 percent) being applied to ebooks— and theater, music, and movies—with only printed reading device. In summer 2011, Bookeen opened its digital library, Bookeenstore.com, to ereading devices other than its own. Two important aspects in French ebook publishing are the particularly strong national culture and the large fan base for both domestic comics—notably Japanese- style manga—as well as other graphic novels, which are also forming a digital niche market, with platforms like www.kaze.fr (and its German spino , www.kaze-online. de) and Digibidi o ering the catalogs of 30 publishers. Spain The Spanish publishing market—and, as a conse- quence, the ebook market in Spain—is shaped by sev- eral paradoxical parameters. With a population of 47 million inhabitants, Spain is a medium-sized European market, closer to Poland than to Germany. Yet Spanish is the rst language for 650 million people worldwide, including a signi cant number of Spanish speakers in the US. Spanish publishing revenues were strained most recently by shrinking value at consumer prices for sev- eral years, from €3110 million in 2009 to €2772 million in 2011, with more titles published than ever (83,258 in 2011) but each selling fewer copies than before. Yet most of Latin America is served by Spanish publishing enter- Spain Key indicators Values Source, comments Book market size (p+e, at consumer prices) €2,772 m 2011 (Publishers Association FGEE) Titles published per year (new and successive editions) 60 to 80,000 New titles per 1 m inhabitants ca. 1,700 Ebook titles (available from publishers) 10,000 Market share of ebooks 0.5 to 1% (trade) 2.4% (incl. STM, et al.) FGEE (August 2012) otherwise estimated at 1% Key market parameters Law on xed ebook prices VAT of 4% on printed books and 21% on ebooks Reduced rate of VAT canceled for ebooks in 2012
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